安土桃山時代 1568-1603 Azuchi-Momoyama Period
The Period of Wars
*”Azhichi” and “Momoyama” are the names of castles.
*Also called “Sengoku Period (Warring Period)”
Three Heroes (all three are from Chubu region, around Nagoya):
1. Oda, Nobunaga “Kill the cuckoo if it doesn’t sing”
2. Toyotomi, Hideyoshi “Make the cuckoo sing if it doesn’t sing”
3. Tokugawa, Ieyasu “Wait till the cuckoo sing if it doesn’t sing”
1. 織田信長 Oda, Nobunaga
-Strange acts in the youth
-Grew as a strong warrior
The Battle of Okehazama: 4000 Oda warriors beat over 25000
The Battle of Ngashino (against Takeda Shingen’s son): Use of firearms (introduced in this era by two Portuguese)
-Fierce personality (nicknamed “Devil”)
Unsparing treatment of his subordinates
→本能寺の変 Incident at Honno-ji Temple
Akechi, Mitsuhide killed Nobunaga
(→Hideyoshi killed Mitsuhide soon)
2. 豊臣秀吉 Toyotomi, Hideyoshi
-Parents are peasants
-Served Nobunaga
-Nickname is “Monkey” (*from his looking)
-Rise at the Early Age as a good Strategist
*Right after the Incident of Honno-ji Temple, return from Takamatsu Castle in a week to attack Akechi, Mitsuhide
-Policies
1. Kenchi (Land Survey)
2. Katana-gari (Sword Hunt)
3. Heinou Bunri (Separation of the military from the farming class)
-Decline at the Later Age (nicknamed “Devil”)
1. Persecution of Christianity
2. Invasion on Korea (1552-1553, 1557-1558)
3. More then ten wives, but no strong son
＜茶道（tea ceremony: Sado “Way of Tea”）＞
Sen no Rikyu
-Sado (Tea ceremony) teacher of Nobunaga and Hideyoshi
-The biggest figure of Sado (tea ceremony) world
-Eventually killed by Hideyoshi
3. 徳川家康 Tokugawa, Ieyasu
-Born at a weak clan
-Served Hideyoshi and got Kanto region lands
-After Hideyoshi’s death
1600 Battle of Sekigahara: Hideyoshi’s followers VS Ieyasu
→Ieyasu won = transfer of the power from Toyotomi family to Tokugawa family
→1603 Open Edo Shogunate = Beginning of Edo Period (lasts until 1868)
*Ieyasu killed Hideyori (Hideyoshi’s son) and destroyed Toyotomi clan
＜Video Game: good tool to study Azuchi-Momoyama History＞
Sengoku Musou
Samurai Warriors 2
====================================
江戸時代 1603-1868 Edo Period
The Period of Stability,
The End of Samurais’ Rule
-Edo (today’s Tokyo) as the capital city
1st Tokugawa Shogun Tokugawa, Ieyasu
-Local rule by military lords (Daimyo domain) under strong shogunal authority
1. 参勤交代 Sankin Kotai (Alternate Attendance Requirement):
-Daimyo (local lord) come to Edo to see shogun periodically
-Daimyo’s wife and heir had to stay in Edo as hostages
2. 鎖国 National Seclusion:
-traded with only Dutch and China at Dejima, Nagasaki (Kyushu Region)
3. 士農工商 Samurai-Farmers-Artisans-Merchants social class
*“Don’t let farmers alive, don’t let them die”
4. キリシタン禁教 Eradication of Christianity
*Shimabara Uprising by Shiro Amakusa 天草四郎（17 years old歳）
1853 Commodore マシューペリー Matthew Perry forced to open Japan
15th Tokugawa Shogun Tokugawa, Yoshinobu
-->
Rise of xenophobia since the opening of Japan
薩長連合Satsuma-Choshu Alliance fights against Tokugawa Shogunate
*Satsuma clan from Kyushu region and Choshu clan from Chugoku region
1867大政奉還: 15th Shogun Tokugawa, Yoshinobu gives the emperor back the rule of Japan = Satsuma and Choshu clans makes new Meiji government (Meiji Restoration)
*Go-between: 坂本竜馬Sakamoto, Ryoma convinced Tokugawa family to return the power to emperor.
1868-1869 Boshin Wars
Series of the wars between new government and the Tokugawa shogunate supporters
====================================
明治時代 1868-1912 Meiji Period
The Period of Modernization/Westernization
“Edo江戸”→”東京Tokyo”
Meiji Emperor: Mutsuhito moved to Tokyo (from Kyoto)
-Era name元号 started: changes every time when emperor dies
Three biggest leaders of the Meiji Restoration:
1. Kido, Takayoshi (or Katsura, Kogoro): from Choshu Clan
2. Saigo, Takamori: from Satsuma clan
3. Okubo, Toshimichi: from Satsuma clan
New Meiji government
-Abolished clan-system, started prefecture-system
-Equalization of the four divisions of the social class (Samurai-Farmers-Artisans-Merchants) *two social classes still existed (Noblemen –Commoner)
-Founded school system
-Revision of Taxation system (rice money)
-Abolished the Samurai’s privileges (having a sword, unconditional salary)
-->1877 Seinan War (Satsuma Rebellion)
War between Saigo-leading-Satsuma Samurai vs. Okubo-leading Meiji government
Saigo died at the war (*The Last Samurai movie)
*During the war, Kido died from a disease
*Following year, Okubo was assassinated by an anti-government Samurai
*Seinan War was the last military rebellion by Samurai against the Meiji Government
-->
Freedom and People's Rights Movement:
Demand the parliament system with the election/voting.
-Okuma, Shigenobu: founded Constitutional Reform Party
-Itagaki, Taisuke: founded Liberal Party
--->First Parliament
1885 1st Prime Minister Ito, Hirobumi 初代総理大臣伊藤博文
1889 Meiji Constitution 大日本帝国憲法
give voting rights to 25 years old or older male + tax qualification (*1.1% of the Japanese citizen)
*Japan put effort on buildup military power.
1894-95日清戦争Sino-Japanese War
China and Japan fought over Korea beginning of Japan’s occupation of Korea (Officially annexed in 1910)
朝鮮を中国から独立させる（日本の朝鮮支配の始まり）
1904-05日露戦争Russo-Japanese War
U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt offered to mediate.-->The Treaty of Portsmouth
====================================
大正時代1912-1926 Taisho Period
The Period of Early Democracy
Taisho Emperor: 大正天皇Yoshihito
-physically weak病弱
-First Emperor who had only one wife 初めての一夫一妻天皇
1914-1915 WWI
-While Westerns were fighting in Europe for WWI, Japan started seeking for invading China.
-After WWI (1914-1915), Japan got a seat in the League of Nations
*Meiji Period started in 1868= Very rapid rise to the Great Power Status in the world
●Taisho Democracy: liberal movement大正デモクラシー
1. 1918 Prime Minister Hara, Takashi: first commoner prime minister (*”Noblemen-commoner” social classes existed from the beginning of Meiji through the end of WWII.)
2. 1925General Election Law普通選挙：成人男子すべてに選挙権
25 years old or older men’s voting right (20% of the citizens)
however… 1925Peace Preservation Law治安維持法
Strong censorship: Any activities against government were banned suppressed the liberal atmosphere strongly accelerated the militarization/ totalitarianism of the WWII Japan
==================================================
Here is the education powerpoint.
*I still have problem in uploading the powerpoint. So I send an email with the powerpoint to your UNCC email account. Please check your email that was sent on Sunday lat at night or monday early in the morning. Sorry about that.
